encapsulation uml class diagram. UML 2 Class Diagramming Guidelines. encapsulation uml class diagram

 
UML 2 Class Diagramming Guidelinesencapsulation uml class diagram UML diagrams of this category represent an entire system or a substructure

3. UML Diagram - Class. In a class diagram, each class appears as a(n) ____, with the class name at the top, followed. operations that manipulate data in some way. Since most software being created nowadays is still based on the Object-Oriented Programming paradigm, using class diagrams to document the software turns out to be a common-sense solution. Nice example. This is an overview of a Social Media Class Diagram and its use in software development. There is no primitive type for an image, you can create your own class Image for that. OOP Concepets and UML Class Diagrams - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Class UML diagram is the most common diagram type for software documentation. Object Diagram. 5: Class diagrams show the structure of a system as related classes and interfaces with their features, constraints, and relationships. Download scientific diagram | UML class model for an airline flight reservation system from publication: The Dilemma of Encapsulation vs. Abstract and Figures. Take a look at pages and Book Class. Encapsulation adalah sebuah konsep Object Oriented Programming digunakan untuk membungkus data dan fungsi, untuk menjaga tetap terjaga agar tidak adanya penyalahgunaan. Structure Diagrams(Yapısal Diyagramlar), modellenmekte olan sistemde bulunması gerekenler için kullanılır. 1. It helps to control the values of our data fields. Packages are just one way to group UML elements and they do primarily not imply relations between the elements themselves. Nama KelasStereotype 2. UML 2 Class Diagramming Guidelines. Implement the given UML class diagrams using Java Console Application. You might use a fully qualified class name for the Google Maps package ( com::google::googlemaps or whatever) and/or interface, you might not. This is an integral part of the idea of encapsulation that we discussed in Chapter 2. 1. How to implement encapsulation in java: 1) Make the instance variables private so that they cannot be accessed directly from outside the class. Chapter 6 - Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented programming overview objects classes encapsulation UML Class Diagram First OOP. Encapsulation Encapsulation is like hiding something inside a capsule and giving. UML Diagrams • UML stands for the Unified Modeling Language • UML diagrams show relationships among classes and objects • A UML class diagram consists of one or more classes, each with sections for the class name, attributes (data), and operations (methods) • Lines between classes represent associations Encapsulation is the separation of how a class is used from how its data is represented Abstraction is the related idea of hiding the details of how a class is implemented from its users Examples of these concepts will be given through an application that performs matrix algebra. Class Diagram adalah diagram yang menunjukan class-class yang ada dari sebuah sistem dan hubungannya secara logika. Structural UML diagrams . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Object modeling requires many types of diagrams, creating which by hand is very time consuming and tedious, so systems analysts rely on _____ to speed up the process. Konsep encapsulation menyebabkan sebuah konsep OOP yang bernama “Abstraction” atau “Data Hiding”. Role of Data Analysis in Orgs (DAT-205) 86 Documents. Solution for UML Online chess game project 1) Class diagram with at least 6 classes (with attributes, operations for each class and multiplicity. An n-ary association may be labeled with a name. Package diagrams are a subset of class diagrams, but developers sometimes treat them as a separate technique. Abstraction word is used for hiding data if our aim is to show. In Java (as in life), a class can only have one father, and a father can have many children ( Single Inheritance principle). A class consists of its objects, and also it may inherit from other classes. Date: 17 May 2023:. 1-F, 2-T. You can add abstraction relationships to a model in several diagrams, including use-case, class, and component diagrams. The purpose of structure diagrams is to show the static structure of the system being modeled. Abstraction. 2. Your team can work simultaneously to generate a UML diagram in time for your next app launch or new product cycle. Class diagrams also help us identify relationship. Classes and their structure and behavior 2. It supports modern web technologies such as JavaScript and ReactJS to make it effortless to use. With the share model facilities, you can reuse your class. Komponen ini berisikan nama class. A class allows programmers to create objects with variables (data) and behaviors (methods or functions). Abstraction. Class. Object Diagram. To create a UML class diagram, the user performs these steps. The Use Case Diagram is a visualization of a use-case, i. Encapsulation Githushan Gengaparam Madhusoothanan Lakshitha Imbulpitiya Sudheera Karunaratne 2. Other design patterns require new classes, whereas Factory Method only requires a new operation. The first represents the name of the class as defined in Java. This is the UML Class diagram. organizational units. Solution for UML Online chess game project 1) Class diagram with at least 6 classes (with attributes, operations for each class and multiplicity. Object Oriented Programming Principles. A package diagram is a type of Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram mainly used to represent the organization and the structure of a system in the form of packages. Support code generation. Download EdrawMax. Use class abstraction and encapsulation concepts to re-draw the UML class diagram of Square class that you drew in Lab 02. Object oriented analysis and design can be handled by the one who knows UML. Active class (a) (b) Class A Class B Class B (c) (d) Subtype 1 Subtype 2 Supertype (e) Class name (f) FIGURE A. Class:. Edit Online. AbstractFactory: Declares an interface for operations that create abstract product objects. UML diagrams are closely associated with object-oriented analysis and. A Brief Introduction to UMLAbstract. Class and Object in UML. Step 3. Now, in the final module of the course, given a description of new functionality. UML class diagram UML diagram of the command pattern Uses GUI buttons and menu items In Swing and Borland Delphi programming, an Action is a command object. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. dynamic addressing. Published on 2020-10-12. A diagram is a partial representation of the model. encapsulation. As UML describes the. Download EdrawMax. UML Package diagram - Encapsulation Ashley Published on 2020-10-12 Download Download. 1. VERY URGENT! please do ASAP This project required Java codes and UML class diagram (including all the classes that are in the design) and it must be demonstrating Object Oriented Programming features: encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstract classes, interfaces. Relationships in class diagrams show the interaction. Abstract Operations. Design class structure. Object UML diagrams help developers check if the generic abstract structure they have created, that is, class diagram, represents a viable structure whenever it is put into practice when the objects of a class are being instantiated. Atribut, yaitu variabel-variabel yang dimiliki suatu kelas. Custom methods are designed for a specific class. The “Library Management System” is superclass that consists of various. Inheritance full portionsoops in c++ part 2oops in c++ part 3channel to shows lan. If the sum of the rolls is equal to seven, the player wins; otherwise, the player loses. In Java, encapsulation helps us to keep related fields and methods together, which makes our code cleaner and easy to read. An anchor icon is a cross inside a circle. UML is standardized in class diagrams. - UML NOTATION OF LOCATION 2D - GIVEN GAMEDISPLAY CLASS JAVA CODE. Encapsulation in OOPs is the concept of binding fields (object state) and methods (behavior) together as a single unit. 2. It. Use Creately’s easy online diagram editor to edit this diagram, collaborate with others and export results to multiple. ; Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the mechanism of binding the data together and hiding it from the outside world. CASE tools c. A popular utility of class diagrams is their ability to showcase the class structure of a system. The four principles of object-oriented programming are encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. An object is a real-world entity. The simple idea is that any class has public and private elements. 4. Weeks 8-9, UML Class and Encapsulation 2. Encapsulation is a process of information hiding. Class : A class in UML represents a blueprint for objects. Similarly we treat dog and cat also as animals. First, about the syntax we propose to have: @startuml class class1 class class2 class1 [Qualifier] -- class2 @enduml. Name represents full name and could be combined from title, first. ; ConcreteFactory: Implements the operations declared in the AbstractFactory to create concrete product objects. Double-click on the class, Properties dialog shows, check the Abstract checkbox in the Modifiers group, and confirm the choice using the. It provides us a way to develop rich models that describe the working of any software/hardware systems. The class diagram is a graphical representation of the static view of the system and represents the various aspects of the application. Discuss:UML Domain Models (Concepts) –Aka Objects and Methods or Messages –Abstract or Logical Components –Aot Instances UML Class Diagrams –Aka Class names, attributes, methods –With types, parameters,… Set the stage for programming –System level operation is clear –Internal, physical, implementation remains Introduction to UML Class. Data of an object is hidden from the rest of the system and available only through the services of the class. It defines the properties and behaviors that objects of a certain class can have. Use case diagrams. Author: Jill West, Tamara Dean, Jean Andrews. Figure 3. draw UML class diagram with Service classes. Which analysis model serves as an input model to a design class diagram?A) Activity diagram. To start, identify the classes that you want to include in your diagram. UML juga dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu bahasa standar visualisasi, perancangan, dan. Encapsulation. Abstraction word is used for hiding data if our aim is to show our client a out side view. Now, age cannot be negative. this is a small scenario of a big system. encapsulation: The bundling of related data and behaviors that operate on that data, usually with restricted access to internal, non-public data and behaviors. 1. Orientação a Objetos com Java: Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica. Generalization - Indicates that one class is a. 1, released 2017, a Class has Properties (typically a "property" in many programming languages) and Operations (reoughly a "method" in many programming languages). Association classes In UML diagrams, an association class is a class that is part of an association relationship between two other classes. g. Press Ctrl Alt 0S to open the IDE settings and then select Plugins. 2 Glossary definition for refinement was: A relationship that represents a fuller specification of something that has already been specified at a certain level of detail. To hide the internal implementation of an object we use. A UML class diagram is similar to a family tree. Trust me. Use class abstraction and encapsulation concepts to modify the implementation of Square class, so the new class implementation would. The most useful, standard UML diagrams are: use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, statechart diagram, activity diagram, component diagram, and deployment diagram. Grey arrows are used to link the steps to the part of Table 1 Diagrams in UML Diagram Model View Stage Use case diagrams Use case model Use case view Requirements. Outside view means that let suppose. Truck tundra = new Truck () 3. In this tutorial we use only a subset of UML; here, we introduce a UML class. Here are the six types of structure diagrams: Class diagrams: These diagrams are the foundational principle of any object-oriented software system. Collaborate in real-time by sharing a link to your design. This is in line with the principle of encapsulation. Factory Method makes a design more customizable and only a little more complicated. Class Diagram bersifat statis di dalam class diagram digambarkan relasi dari masing - masing kelas tetapi tidak menggambarkan apa yang terjadi ketika kelas tersebut berelasi. Materi IT. A conceptual model is the first step before drawing a UML diagram. It is a standard which is mainly used for creating object-oriented, meaningful documentation models for any software system present in the real world. Package diagrams organize elements of a system into related groups to minimize dependencies between packages. Open the Model tab in the Element context tab group and check the Abstract checkbox in the Modifiers group. Software protection and licensing UML use. A class diagram consists of a group of classes and interfaces reflecting important entities of the business domain of the system being modeled, and the relationships between these classes and interfaces. Reflexive Association. View in full-text. (Identify and list Various Objects and corresponding Classes, find attributes and operations, develop relationship between classes and refine the diagram) 24. A. In UML models, an association is a relationship between two classifiers, such as classes or use cases, that describes the reasons for the relationship and the rules that govern the relationship. g. Each of these elements has a specific purpose and is used in different contexts within a UML diagram. a. C) Domain model class diagram. Definisi Class Diagram. The name is read in the same manner as for binary associations, described in the previous section. These diagrams separate into two groups: Structural diagrams. Class diagrams, for example, consist of nodes that. Encapsulation is used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class, preventing unauthorized parties’ direct access to them. Class diagram atau diagram kelas merupakan suatu diagram yang digunakan untuk menampilkan kelas-kelas berupa pake-paket untuk memenuhi salah satu kebutuhan paket yang akan digunakan nantinya. Tisucoding. Above example also shows how to call the base-class constructor in C#. The Class defines what an object can do. Use an open arrowhead with a dashed line to indicate a class implements a protocol: You may either read this as “implements” or “conforms to. So far we’ve been looking at what a class is and how it enables the key benefits of the object-oriented approach of system development: abstraction and encapsulation. Class Diagrams and Encapsulation In a UML class diagram: public members can be preceded by + private members are preceded by - protected members are preceded by # 18 Die - numFaces: int - upValue : int + getUpValue() : int + getNumFaces() : int + roll() : void PairOfDice -die1: Die -die2: Die + getDie1() : Die + getDie2() : DieThe class diagram is the heart of UML. Upload media. Example of Encapsulation in Java. There is a simple example in the Basic or Default template category. 3 of 7. View full document. Separately, UML Lab creates a UML class diagram from the model. This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or. Class diagrams are the only UML diagrams, which can be mapped directly with object-oriented languages. Identify an existing class, or create a new class, that will serve as the "state machine" from the client's perspective. Solution: UML diagram: Report: I have developed three classes namely Animal, Cheetah and Tortoise. Dalam pengembangan berorientasi objek ada beberapa prinsip yang harus dikenal: Object. Inheritance is one of the key concepts of the OOP in which we can inherit the public properties and methods of the base class into the derived class. UML class diagram example for the Abstract Factory Design Pattern. CASE tools c. Class diagrams are most useful in illustrating relationships between classes and interfaces. Building class diagrams is not a quick and easy thing for people (especially non-programmers) to get started doing. Class diagrams are typically used, although not all at once, to: Explore domain concepts in the form of a domain model. Class diagrams are typically used, although not all at once, to: Explore domain concepts in the form of a domain model. This week’s class about object oriented programming is very useful for our IA development. in class. Encapsulation The idea behind this pillar is to bind variables and methods in a single unit. Select one: a. Class diagram mampu memberikan pandangan yang lebih luas tentang suatu sistem. Complete Class Diagram Tutorial that helps you learn about What is a Class Diagram. FARID AZIS, M. It is beyond the scope of this introductory article to go into great detail about each type of diagram. In object-oriented programming, encapsulation is achieved through the use of objects. In UML modeling, a generalization relationship is a relationship in which one model element (the child) is based on another model element (the parent). So it might work fine on very simple diagrams but cause many issues on large ones. x abstract class does not have complete declaration and "typically" can not be instantiated. UML Class Diagrams: The Analysis Model A class diagram shows the existence of classes and their relationships in the logical view of a system UML modeling elements in class diagrams 1. Next, you'll learn how to use use-case diagrams to model the functionality of a system. In object-oriented programming, encapsulation is achieved through the use of objects. In this situation, using a sequence diagram, the polymorphic invocations are modeled by multiples scenarios controlled by the guard conditions. The unified modeling language (UML) is a general-purpose visual modeling language that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML Class Diagrams Weeks 8-9, UML Class and Encapsulation; Java Class and Encapsulation; UML Utility Class; Java Utility Class; Parameterized Class in UML;. Diagram kelas memiliki tiga komponen penyusun. , responsible for create/delete the memory), composition is containment without owning. This diagram offers a visual of the different classes and how. 4 specification provides no definition of encapsulation. operations that ask about the state of an object. A class is a template or blueprint that defines the properties and behaviors of a set of objects. Class diagrams basically represent the object-oriented view of a system, which is static in nature. It also uses term completely encapsulated without appropriate explanation. Class diagrams. Click on “Insert” and select shapes from “Shapes”. Class Diagram: Konsep, Contoh dan Studi Kasus. Example of UML Class Diagram 8. - Selection from Learning UML 2. Use Creately’s easy online diagram editor to edit this diagram, collaborate with others and export results to multiple image formats. Selain itu, sequence diagram berfungsi untuk menunjukan hubungan dari pesan yang dikirim antara objek – objek yang saling berinteraksi [10]. Multiplicity. A Class in UML is represented by a rectangle that includes rows with class names, attributes, and operations. Click on the magnifying glass to see a larger preview. Although many languages use terms such. Process defines the flow of the system. First, about the syntax we propose to have: @startuml class class1 class class2 class1 [Qualifier] -- class2 @enduml. 4 specification provides no definition of encapsulation. Basically the class diagram represents the static view of a system. For modeling classes that illustrate technical concepts they. Log in Join. UML 2. "In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects. A Database class and a CSVWriter Class. setI (1990); as you see, there are two instances of class A named a and a1. Directed Association. encapsulation: The bundling of related data and behaviors that operate on that data, usually with restricted access to internal, non-public data and behaviors. A UML class (ER term: entity type) is used to model any “thing” in the enterprise that is to be represented in our database. class encapsulation: ‘Note that in C++, the class—. Of course, there should be more relations of elements inside a package than to those outside. We see the following relationships: owners feed pets, pets please owners (association) a tail is a part of both dogs and cats (aggregation / composition) a cat is a kind of pet (inheritance / generalization) The figure below shows the three types of. Class diagram menggambarkan struktur statis dari sebuah sistem. Roughly broken down, aggregation is containment through constructor creation (i. Use class abstraction and encapsulation concepts to re-draw the UML class diagram of Square class that you drew in Lab 02. Mustang is an object of type Car. So far i only made UML Diagrams for Java Program and its quite new for me to draw one for python. The class diagram is the main building block. You will present your design to the class in the week 7 workshop session. UML has a direct relation with object oriented analysis and design. As you may already know, C offers no idiom to declare a class. In UML models, an aggregation relationship shows a classifier as a part of or subordinate to another classifier. Decapsulation is the removal or the making apparent a thing previously encapsulated. Encapsulation: The grouping of related concepts into one item, such as a class or component: Information hiding:. Teachers give this quiz to your class. 5, the essence of object is the same: UML is not a programming language but tools can be used to generate code in various languages using UML diagrams. B) Use case diagram. To cement your understanding of this material, you created a UML class diagram from an example Android code base, and used your understanding of the code base to make sequence and state diagrams to model its behavior. Association, aggregation, and inheritance relationships 3. class-diagram. Explain the process of converting Class diagram to object diagram with suitable. Discuss: Do you think the data field (side) should be declared private (hidden)?. Encapsulation is the separation of how a class is used from how its data is represented Abstraction is the related idea of hiding the details of how a class is implemented from its users Examples of these concepts will be. An Operation (section 9. In a UML class diagram, an association is a relationship between two or more classes that represents a link between instances of those classes. This set of Software Engineering Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Unified Modelling Language”. 1d by a filled diamond that points toward the. The class diagram is a graphical representation of the static view of the system and represents the various aspects of the application. It represents the types of objects residing in the system and the relationships between them. Whiteboard Learn how to combine free-form brainstorming with diagram blueprints all while collaborating with your team. In the following UML class diagram, + calculateScore (): int depicts a ___. Class Diagram is a UML diagram where you can visualize those classes, along with their attributes, operations and the inter-relationship. The four principles of object-oriented programming are encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. Follow the steps below: Open a blank document or a template. So it might work fine on very simple diagrams but cause many issues on large ones. Figure 1 presents a class diagram that models a banking system. UML Association; Naming Relationships; Naming Roles; Relationships and Encapsulation; Relationships and Multiplicity; Association in Java and C++ compared; Aggregation vs. The following diagram shows a parent class generalizing a child class. Example: class Car { - make: String - model: String - year: int + drive (): void + stop (): void } For this problem you are to join the following classes into a hierarchy (use the UML diagrams from Module 2 to get started): Player - Super Class Archer - Subclass Barbarian - Subclass Cleric - Subclass Rogue - Subclass Warlock - Subclass If the parent class has the same attributes as the sub class then you can remove those attributes from the subclass. Berikut merupakan pengertian, manfaat dan contoh class diagram. The Microsoft Visio UML Model Diagram template provides full support for creating object-oriented models of complex software systems. There are two types of methods: standard and custom. Pengertian Class Diagram ( Konsep) Class Diagram adalah salah satu jenis diagram yang paling berguna di UML, hal ini karena dapat dengan jelas memetakan struktur sistem tertentu dengan memodelkan kelas, atribut, operasi serta hubungan antar objek. 1. In Assignment Part 2 OO Programming, you will work individually to implement the design in code, which you will. x specifications provide no explicit notation for the nesting by classes. In the code snippet below I have mentioned an inheritance example where the Employee (A as per our UML notation above) class is being derived from by the Manager (B) class. SupportA UML model consists of a set of diagrams. diagrams, and 720. Analyze requirements in the form of a conceptual/analysis model. Upload to Study. Bank ATM UML use case diagrams examples. Edit this Template. The language of the “structure” category assigns seven UML diagram types in UML 2. Diagram – Polymorphism in Java is a concept that allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common class. Create your first document, whether you import it, start from scratch, or use one of our templates. class B doesn't have anything (attribute) here. Class diagram adalah salah satu model dalam unified modelng language (UML) yang paling populer dan mudah dibuat. a credit card and its PIN - the PIN class can also be used in. Save time with our UML sequence markup tool. The first part is a functional model, which. It is a standardized, general-purpose modeling language that is mainly applied for creating object-oriented, meaningful documentation models for any software system present in the real world. UML Diagrams stands for Unified Modeling Language. It is the building block of all object oriented software systems. a) operations only. 4. In the following UML class diagram, + calculateScore (): int depicts a ___. Class diagrams. Um dos tipos mais populares na UML é o diagrama de classes. Encapsulation and abstraction, however, are more complementary in this regard. Classes within a system, attributes and. Karena itu class diagram merupakan tulang punggung atau kekuatan dasar dari hampir setiap metode berorientasi objek termasuk UML. Associations. Keywords: abstraction, concretization, class diagram, object diagram, UML 1 Introduction Development of information system is a complex process consisting of different activities structured in phases which can be undertaken linearly or iterative. Sequence, Class and the Component Diagrams offered by UML and the Rational Rose Tool. Imagine that you wrote a program that parses a text document into a dictionary. Figure 3 depicts an example of an analysis UML class diagram. In a class diagram, the class is listed with the class name at the top, followed by the class’s attributes and methods. An object-oriented program is described by the interaction of these objects. The standard UML diagram, or notation, for a class is a rectangle that's divided into three compartments. The class diagram depicts a static view of an application. Radiology diagnostic reporting UML use case diagram example. Object - adalah komponen berbentuk kotak yang mewakili sebuah class atau object. Short Answer. When you model associations in UML class diagrams, you show them as a thin line connecting two. 2) Have getter and setter methods in the class to set and get the values of the fields. Engineering; Computer Science; Computer Science questions and answers; Write a Python program based on the following UML class diagram that must satisfy the encapsulation and information hiding. A class diagram has various classes; each has three-part; the first partition contains a Class name which is. The following object-oriented ideas are required to get started using UML: Object. Dependency relationships. The Class Model in the UML is the main artifact produced to represent the logical structure of a software system. 4 object is defined as an entity with a well defined. Inheritance. Definition. Cardinality describes how instances of one class relate to instances of another class. Abstraction solves the problem and issues that arise at the design stage. The class diagram is the main building block. Select one: a. How do I represent or show encapsulation when modelling a UML class diagram? Inheritance is modelled using the arrows and an abstract class is shown by. Both logical and physical modelling aspects can be included. It represents the types of objects residing in the system and the relationships between them. The message parameters, as well as the type of data, may be included on the class diagram. This means that UML Lab defaults to breaking the encapsulation of classes, a practice common in "object-based programming" where objects are treated as. Figure 3 is the Use Case Diagram for the actions that the Users (Seller, Purchaser) can perform in an auction. Programming languages such as Java use encapsulation in the form of classes. Encapsulation also can be described. Role namesForUML provides a Java-based user interface for executing the command. A system model could be divided into three parts. You can use component diagrams to model software systems at a high level. UML diagrams make it easier to identify the requirements and scopes of systems and applications by providing visual models. You can only set and get values of these variables through the methods of the class. a class that inherits from abc. Active class is used in a class diagram to represent the concurrency of the system. The bottom section displays methods which are functions. 2. " -Wikipedia. The former is perfect at an early design stage. Draw the class diagram for the current implementation of the Personnel system (use correct UML notations): import java. A class diagram is a UML diagram type that describes a system by visualizing the different types of objects within a system and the kinds of static relationships that exist among them. Encapsulation - Data in objects is private. It is a standard which is mainly used for creating object-oriented, meaningful documentation models for any software system present in the real world. public; package; protected; private; Note, that if a named element is not owned by any namespace, then it. 1. It provides us a way to develop rich models that describe the working of any software/hardware systems. Cheng⁄ Software Engineering and Network Systems Laboratory Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUML component diagrams show the relationships between individual system components through a static conceptual visualization. Class diagram adalah jenis diagram struktur statis yang menggambarkan struktur suatu sistem dengan menunjukkan kelas sistem, atributnya, operasi, dan hubungan antar objek.